Win32_PhysicalMemory - WMI sample in VBScript. The foundations for Manageability in Windows 7/2008/Vista/XP/2000 and Millennium Edition/'98 are Windows Management.
OS Name Microsoft® Windows Vista™ Ultimate Version 6.0.6001 Service Pack 1 Build 6001 OS Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation System Name CORE2QUAD System Model P5K3 Deluxe Wifi ASUS Motherboard XFX Nvidia 8800GT 512MB 256 DDR3 Graphics System Type x64-based PC Processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9300 @ 2.50GHz, 2514 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s) BIOS Version/Date American Megatrends Inc. 1103, 26-Jun-2008 SMBIOS Version 2.4 Windows Directory C: Windows System Directory C: Windows system32 Boot Device Device HarddiskVolume1 Installed Physical Memory (RAM) 8.00 GB DDR3 Total Physical Memory 4.00 GB Available Physical Memory 5.75 GB Total Virtual Memory 12.6 GB Available Virtual Memory 9.61 GB Page File Space 4.88 GB Page File J: pagefile.sys Please can someone explain the above memory status of my system. I am bit confused I have 8 GB installed DDR3 but information shows 4 GB Physical Mem. As Rick said, look in System Properties. If it doesn't say '64-bit operating system' under 'System type', then it is a 32-bit version of Vista, even if it is installed on 64-bit hardware.
Cached Physical Memory Vista
The 32-bit version of Vista is just silent on this topic and doesn't even show this line, as I recall. An even quicker way to get to System Properties is to simply hold the Start button (like a shift key) while you press Pause/Break, usually in the upper right of most keyboards. Your post includes the line. OS Name Microsoft® Windows Vista™ Ultimate Version 6.0.6001 Service Pack 1 Build 6001 OS Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation System Name CORE2QUAD System Model P5K3 Deluxe Wifi ASUS Motherboard XFX Nvidia 8800GT 512MB 256 DDR3 Graphics System Type x64-based PC Processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9300 @ 2.50GHz, 2514 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s) BIOS Version/Date American Megatrends Inc. 1103, 26-Jun-2008 SMBIOS Version 2.4 Windows Directory C: Windows System Directory C: Windows system32 Boot Device Device HarddiskVolume1 Installed Physical Memory (RAM) 8.00 GB DDR3 Total Physical Memory 4.00 GB Available Physical Memory 5.75 GB Total Virtual Memory 12.6 GB Available Virtual Memory 9.61 GB Page File Space 4.88 GB Page File J: pagefile.sys Please can someone explain the above memory status of my system.
I am bit confused I have 8 GB installed DDR3 but information shows 4 GB Physical Mem. - Tank. As Rick said, look in System Properties. If it doesn't say '64-bit operating system' under 'System type', then it is a 32-bit version of Vista, even if it is installed on 64-bit hardware.
The 32-bit version of Vista is just silent on this topic and doesn't even show this line, as I recall. An even quicker way to get to System Properties is to simply hold the Start button (like a shift key) while you press Pause/Break, usually in the upper right of most keyboards. Your post includes the line. OS Name Microsoft® Windows Vista™ Ultimate Version 6.0.6001 Service Pack 1 Build 6001 OS Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation System Name CORE2QUAD System Model P5K3 Deluxe Wifi ASUS Motherboard XFX Nvidia 8800GT 512MB 256 DDR3 Graphics System Type x64-based PC Processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9300 @ 2.50GHz, 2514 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s) BIOS Version/Date American Megatrends Inc. 1103, 26-Jun-2008 SMBIOS Version 2.4 Windows Directory C: Windows System Directory C: Windows system32 Boot Device Device HarddiskVolume1 Installed Physical Memory (RAM) 8.00 GB DDR3 Total Physical Memory 4.00 GB Available Physical Memory 5.75 GB Total Virtual Memory 12.6 GB Available Virtual Memory 9.61 GB Page File Space 4.88 GB Page File J: pagefile.sys Please can someone explain the above memory status of my system. I am bit confused I have 8 GB installed DDR3 but information shows 4 GB Physical Mem. - Tank.
Every release of Windows ® improves scalability and performance, and Windows Vista™ is no different. The Windows Vista Memory Manager includes numerous enhancements, like more extensive use of lock-free synchronization techniques, finer-grained locking, tighter data-structure packing, larger paging I/Os, support for modern GPU memory architectures, and more efficient use of the hardware Translation Lookaside Buffer. Plus, Windows Vista memory management now offers dynamic address space allocation for the requirements of different workloads.
Windows and the applications that run on it have bumped their heads on the address space limits of 32-bit processors. The Windows kernel is constrained by default to 2GB, or half the total 32-bit virtual address space, with the other half reserved for use by the process whose thread is currently running on the CPU.
Inside its half, the kernel has to map itself, device drivers, the file system cache, kernel stacks, per-session code data structures, and both non-paged (locked-in physical memory) and paged buffers allocated by device drivers. Prior to Windows Vista, the Memory Manager determined at boot time how much of the address space to assign to these different purposes, but this inflexibility sometimes led to situations where one of the regions became full while others still had plenty of available space. The exhaustion of an area can lead to application failures and prevent device drivers from completing I/O operations. In 32-bit Windows Vista, the Memory Manager dynamically manages the kernel's address space, allocating and deallocating space to various uses as the demands of the workload require. Thus, the amount of virtual memory used to store paged buffers can grow when device drivers ask for more, and it can shrink when the drivers release it. Windows Vista will therefore be able to handle a wider variety of workloads and likewise the 32-bit version of the forthcoming Windows Server ® code-named 'Longhorn,' will scale to handle more concurrent Terminal Server users.
Just as Windows Vista adds I/O priorities (as I discussed in the last installment), it also implements memory priorities. Understanding how Windows uses memory priorities requires grasping how the Memory Manager implements its memory cache, called the Standby List. On all versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, when a physical page (which is typically 4KB in size) that's owned by a process was reclaimed by the system, the Memory Manager typically placed the page at the end of the Standby List. If the process wanted to access the page again, the Memory Manager took the page from the Standby List and reassigned it to the process.
When a process wanted to use a new page of physical memory and no free memory was available, the Memory Manager gave it the page at the front the Standby List. This scheme treated all pages on the standby essentially as equals, using only the time they were placed on the list to sort them. On Windows Vista, every page of memory has a priority in the range of 0 to 7, and so the Memory Manager divides the Standby List into eight lists that each store pages of a particular priority. When the Memory Manager wants to take a page from the Standby List, it takes pages from low-priority lists first. A page's priority usually reflects that of the thread that first causes its allocation. (If the page is shared, it reflects the highest of memory priorities of the sharing threads.) A thread inherits its page-priority value from the process to which it belongs. The Memory Manager uses low priorities for pages it reads from disk speculatively when anticipating a process's memory accesses.
How To Increase Physical Memory Vista
A significant change to the Memory Manager is in the way that it manages physical memory. The Standby List management used by previous versions of Windows has two limitations. First, the prioritization of pages relies only on the recent past behavior of processes and does not anticipate their future memory requirements.
Second, the data used for prioritization is limited to the list of pages owned by a process at any given point in time. These shortcomings can result in scenarios like the 'after lunch syndrome,' where you leave your computer for a while and a memory-intensive system application runs (such as an antivirus scan or disk defragmentation). This application forces the code and data that your active applications had cached in memory to be overwritten by the memory-intensive activities.
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When you return, you experience sluggish performance as applications have to request their data and code from disk. SuperFetch is implemented in%SystemRoot% System32 Sysmain.dll as a Windows service that runs inside a Service Host process (%SystemRoot% System32 Svchost.exe). The scheme relies on support from the Memory Manager so that it can retrieve page usage histories as well as direct the Memory Manager to preload data and code from files on disk or from a paging file into the Standby List and assign priorities to pages. The SuperFetch service essentially extends page-tracking to data and code that was once in memory, but that the Memory Manager has reused to make room for new data and code. It stores this information in scenario files with a.db extension in the%SystemRoot% Prefetch directory alongside standard prefetch files used to optimize application launch. Using this deep knowledge of memory usage, SuperFetch can preload data and code when physical memory becomes available.
Whenever memory becomes free-for example, when an application exits or releases memory-SuperFetch asks the Memory Manager to fetch data and code that was recently evicted. This is done at a rate of a few pages per second with Very Low priority I/Os so that the preloading does not impact the user or other active applications. Therefore, if you leave your computer to go to lunch and a memory-intensive background task causes the code and data from your active applications to be evicted from memory while you're gone, SuperFetch can often bring all or most of it back into memory before you return. SuperFetch also includes specific scenario support for hibernation, standby, Fast User Switching (FUS), and application launch.
When the system hibernates, for example, SuperFetch stores data and code in the hibernation file that it expects (based on previous hibernations) will be accessed during the subsequent resume. In contrast, when you resume Windows XP, previously cached data must be reread from the disk when it is referenced. After you’ve used a Windows Vista system a while, you’ll see a low number for the Free Physical Memory counter on Task Manager’s Performance page. That’s because SuperFetch and standard Windows caching make use of all available physical memory to cache disk data.
For example, when you first boot, if you immediately run Task Manager you should notice the Free Memory value decreasing as Cached Memory number rises. Or, if you run a memory-hungry program and then exit it (any of the freeware “RAM optimizers” that allocate large amounts of memory and then release the memory will work), or just copy a very large file, the Free number will rise and the Physical Memory Usage graph will drop as the system reclaims the deallocated memory. Over time, however, SuperFetch repopulates the cache with the data that was forced out of memory, so the Cached number will rise and the Free number will decline. The speed of CPUs and memory are fast outpacing that of hard disks, so disks are a common system performance bottleneck. Random disk I/O is especially expensive because disk head seek times are on the order of 10 milliseconds-an eternity for today's 3GHz processors. While RAM is ideal for caching disk data, it is relatively expensive.
Flash memory, however, is generally cheaper and can service random reads up to 10 times faster than a typical hard disk. Windows Vista, therefore, includes a feature called ReadyBoost to take advantage of flash memory storage devices by creating an intermediate caching layer on them that logically sits between memory and disks. ReadyBoost consists of a service implemented in%SystemRoot% System32 Emdmgmt.dll that runs in a Service Host process, and a volume filter driver,%SystemRoot% System32 Drivers Ecache.sys. (Emd is short for External Memory Device, the working name for ReadyBoost during its development.) When you insert a flash device like a USB key into a system, the ReadyBoost service looks at the device to determine its performance characteristics and stores the results of its test in HKEYLOCALMACHINE Software Microsoft Windows NT Currentversion Emdmgmt, seen in Figure 1. If you aren't already using a device for caching, and the new device is between 256MB and 32GB in size, has a transfer rate of 2.5MB/s or higher for random 4KB reads, and has a transfer rate of 1.75MB/s or higher for random 512KB writes, then ReadyBoost will ask if you'd like to dedicate up to 4GB of the storage for disk caching. (Although ReadyBoost can use NTFS, it limits the maximum cache size to 4GB to accommodate FAT32 limitations.) If you agree, then the service creates a caching file named ReadyBoost.sfcache in the root of the device and asks SuperFetch to prepopulate the cache in the background. After the ReadyBoost service initializes caching, the Ecache.sys device driver intercepts all reads and writes to local hard disk volumes (C:, for example), and copies any data being written into the caching file that the service created.
Ecache.sys compresses data and typically achieves a 2:1 compression ratio so a 4GB cache file will usually contain 8GB of data. The driver encrypts each block it writes using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption with a randomly generated per-boot session key in order to guarantee the privacy of the data in the cache if the device is removed from the system. After every boot, the ReadyBoost service (the same service that implements the ReadyBoost feature just described) uses idle CPU time to calculate a boot-time caching plan for the next boot.
It analyzes file trace information from the five previous boots and identifies which files were accessed and where they are located on disk. It stores the processed traces in%SystemRoot% Prefetch Readyboot as.fx files and saves the caching plan under HKLM System CurrentControlSet Services Ecache Parameters in REGBINARY values named for internal disk volumes they refer to. The cache is implemented by the same device driver that implements ReadyBoost caching (Ecache.sys), but the cache's population is guided by the ReadyBoost service as the system boots.
While the boot cache is compressed like the ReadyBoost cache, another difference between ReadyBoost and ReadyBoot cache management is that while in ReadyBoot mode, other than the ReadyBoost service's updates, the cache doesn't change to reflect data that's read or written during the boot. The ReadyBoost service deletes the cache 90 seconds after the start of the boot, or if other memory demands warrant it, and records the cache's statistics in HKLM System CurrentControlSet Services Ecache Parameters ReadyBootStats, as shown in Figure 2. Microsoft performance tests show that ReadyBoot provides performance improvements of about 20 percent over the legacy Windows XP prefetcher. Windows Vista uses ATA-8 commands to define the disk data to be held in the flash memory. For example, Windows Vista will save boot data to the cache when the system shuts down, allowing for faster restarting. It also stores portions of hibernation file data in the cache when the system hibernates so that the subsequent resume is faster. Because the cache is enabled even when the disk is spun down, Windows can use the flash memory as a disk-write cache, which avoids spinning up the disk when the system is running on battery power.
Keeping the disk spindle turned off can save much of the power consumed by the disk drive under normal usage. Windows Vista has enhanced several aspects of startup and shutdown. Startup has improved with the introduction of the Boot Configuration Database (BCD) for storing system and OS startup configuration, a new flow and organization of system startup processes, new logon architecture, and support for delayed-autostart services. Windows Vista shutdown changes include pre-shutdown notification for Windows services, Windows services shutdown ordering, and a significant change to the way the OS manages power state transitions.
One of the most visible changes to the startup process is the absence of Boot.ini from the root of the system volume. That's because the boot configuration, which on previous versions of Windows was stored in the Boot.ini text file, is now stored in the BCD. One of the reasons Windows Vista uses the BCD is that it unifies the two current boot architectures supported by Windows: Master Boot Record (MBR) and Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI). MBR is generally used by x86 and x64 desktop systems, while EFI is used by Itanium-based systems (though desktop PCs are likely to ship with EFI support in the near future). The BCD abstracts the firmware and has other advantages over Boot.ini, like its support for Unicode strings and alternate pre-boot executables.
The BCD is actually stored on disk in a registry hive that loads into the Windows registry for access via registry APIs. On PCs, Windows stores it in Boot Bcd on the system volume.
On EFI systems, it's on the EFI system partition. When the hive is loaded, it appears under HKLM Bcd00000000, but its internal format is undocumented so editing it requires the use of a tool like%SystemRoot% System32 Bcdedit.exe. Interfaces for manipulating the BCD are also made available for scripts and custom editors through Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and you can use the Windows System Configuration Utility (%SystemRoot% System32 Msconfig.exe) to edit or add basic parameters, like kernel debugging options. When you boot a Windows Vista installation, this new scheme divides the tasks that were handled by the operating system loader (Ntldr) on previous versions of Windows into two different executables: BootMgr and%SystemRoot% System32 Winload.exe.
Bootmgr reads the BCD and displays the OS boot menu, while Winload.exe handles operating-system loading. If you're performing a clean boot, Winload.exe loads boot-start device drivers and core operating system files, including Ntoskrnl.exe, and transfers control to the operating system; if the system is resuming from hibernation, then it executes%SystemRoot% System32 Winresume.exe to load the hibernation data into memory and resume the OS. In previous versions of Windows, the relationship between various system processes was unintuitive. For example, as the system boots, the interactive logon manager (%SystemRoot% System32 Winlogon.exe) launches the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (Lsass.exe) and the Service Control Manager (Services.exe). Further, Windows uses a namespace container called a Session to isolate processes running in different logon sessions.
But prior to Windows Vista, the user logged into the console shared Session 0, the session used by system processes, which created potential security issues. One such issue was introduced, for example, when a poorly written Windows service running in Session 0 displayed a user interface on the interactive console, allowing malware to attack the window through techniques like shatter attacks and possibly gain administrative privileges. To address these problems, several system processes were re-architected for Windows Vista. Session Manager (Smss.exe) is the first user-mode process created during the boot as in previous versions of Windows, but on Windows Vista the Session Manager launches a second instance of itself to configure Session 0, which is dedicated solely to system processes. The Session Manager process for Session 0 launches the Windows Startup Application (Wininit.exe), a Windows subsystem process (Csrss.exe) for Session 0, and then it exits.
The Windows Startup Application continues by starting the Service Control Manager, the Local Security Authority Subsystem, and a new process, Local Session Manager (Lsm.exe), which manages terminal server connections for the machine. When a user logs onto the system, the initial Session Manager creates a new instance of itself to configure the new session. The new Smss.exe process starts a Windows subsystem process and Winlogon process for the new session.
Having the primary Session Manager use copies of itself to initialize new sessions doesn't offer any advantages on a client system, but on Windows Server 'Longhorn' systems acting as terminal servers, multiple copies can run concurrently to allow for faster logon of multiple users. With this new architecture, system processes, including Windows services, are isolated in Session 0. If a Windows service, which runs in Session 0, displays a user interface, the Interactive Services Detection service (%SystemRoot% System32 UI0Detect.exe) notifies any logged-on administrator by launching an instance of itself in the user's security context and displaying the message shown in Figure 4. If the user selects the 'Show me the message' button, the service switches the desktop to the Windows service desktop, where the user can interact with the service's user interface and then switch back to their own desktop. For more on what happens at startup, see the sidebar 'Viewing Startup Process Relationships.' Process Explorer identifies a set of processes as running in Session 1 and that’s the session I’m logged into through a Remote Desktop connection.
Process Explorer displays processes running in the same account as itself with a blue highlight color. Finally, Session 2 was initialized to prepare for a user logging into the console and creating a new logon session. It’s in that session that Winlogon is running and using LogonUI to ask a new console user to “Press Ctrl+Alt+DELETE to Log on”, and in which Logonui.exe will ask the user for his credentials. Even the logon architecture is changed on Windows Vista. On previous versions of Windows, the Winlogon process loaded the Graphical Identification and Authentication (GINA) DLL specified in the registry to display a logon UI that asked users for their credentials. Unfortunately, the GINA model suffers from several limitations, including the fact that only one GINA can be configured, writing a complete GINA is difficult for third parties, and custom GINAs that have non-standard user interfaces change the Windows user experience. Instead of a GINA, Windows Vista uses the new Credential Provider architecture.
Winlogon launches a separate process, the Logon User Interface Host (Logonui.exe), that loads credential providers that are configured in HKEYLOCALMACHINE Software Microsoft Windows NT Currentversion Authentication Credential Providers. Logonui can host multiple credential providers concurrently; in fact, Windows Vista ships with interactive (Authui.dll) and smartcard (Smart-cardcredentialprovider.dll) providers. To ensure a uniform user experience, LogonUI manages the user interface that is displayed to end users, but it also allows credential providers to specify custom elements like text, icons, and edit controls.
If you've ever logged onto a Windows system immediately after it starts, you've probably experienced delays before your desktop is fully configured and you can interact with the shell and any applications you launch. While you're logging on, the Service Control Manager is starting the many Windows services that are configured as automatic start services and therefore activate at boot time. Many services perform CPU and disk-intensive initializations that compete with your logon activities.
To accommodate this, Windows Vista introduces a new service start type called delayed automatic start, which services can use if they don't have to be active immediately after Windows boots. The Service Control Manager starts services configured for delayed automatic start after the automatic-start services have finished starting and it sets the priority of their initial thread to THREADPRIORITYLOWEST. This priority level causes all the disk I/O the thread performs to be Very Low I/O priority.
After a service finishes initializing, the Service Control Manager sets its priority to normal. The combination of the delayed start, low CPU and memory priority, and background disk priority greatly reduce interference with a user's logon. Many Windows services, including Background Intelligent Transfer, Windows Update Client, and Windows Media ® Center, use the new start type to help improve the performance of logons after a boot. A problem that's plagued Windows service writers is that during a Windows shutdown they have, by default, a maximum of twenty seconds to perform cleanup. Versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista haven't supported a clean shutdown that waits for all services to exit because a buggy service can hold up a shutdown indefinitely. Some services, like those that have network-related shutdown operations or have to save large amounts of data to disk, might require more time and so Windows Vista allows a service to request pre-shutdown notification.
When Windows Vista shuts down, the Service Control Manager first notifies those services asking for pre-shutdown notification. It will wait indefinitely for these services to exit, but if they have a bug and don't respond to queries, the Service Control Manager gives up and moves on after three minutes. Once all those services have exited or the timeout has expired, the Service Control Manager proceeds with legacy-style services shutdown for the rest of the services.
The Group Policy and Windows Update services register pre-shutdown notification in a fresh Windows Vista installation. The Group Policy and Windows Update services also use another Windows Vista services feature: shutdown ordering. Services have always been able to specify startup dependencies that the Service Control Manager honors to start services in an order that satisfies them, but until Windows Vista they have been unable to specify shutdown dependencies. Now services that register for pre-shutdown notification can also insert themselves into the list stored at HKLM System CurrentControlSet Control PreshutdownOrder and the Service Control Manager will shut them down according to their order. See the sidebar 'Identifying a Delayed-Autostart and Pre-Shutdown Service' for more on these services. Sleep and hibernate are other forms of shutdown, and buggy power management in drivers and applications has been the curse of road warriors since Windows 2000 introduced power management to the Windows NT ®-based line of Windows operating systems.
Many users have expected their laptop system to suspend or hibernate when they closed the lid before embarking on a trip, only to arrive at their destination with a hot carrying case, a dead battery, and lost data. That's because Windows has always asked device drivers and applications for their consent to change power state and a single unresponsive driver or application could prevent a transition.